Trans-fatty acid content in edible vegetable oil under different high temperatures / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveAn experimental method was established to determine the level of trans-fatty acids in edible vegetable oil and the changes of trans-fatty acid content during high-temperature simulated cooking. MethodsFour common edible vegetable oils on the market were selected， and three temperature points were set at 180 ℃ （light stir-fry）， 220 ℃ （fry） and 260 ℃ （stir fry）. The samples were taken after the heat treatment of 0， 1， 2， 3， 4， 5， 6 and 7 hours，respectively， to investigate the changes of trans-fatty acid content. ResultsUnder the heat treatment of 180 ℃ and 220 ℃， the content of trans-fatty acids remained basically stable in rapeseed oil， corn oil， soybean oil and olive oil. Under the heating condition of 260 ℃， the content of trans-fatty acids in these four vegetable oils increased significantly， and the absolute content of trans-fatty acids in rapeseed oil was the highest， reaching 6.84%. Soybean oil showed the larger increase， up to 247.90% from the initial content. The content of trans-fatty acids in olive oil increased from 0.26% to 1.69%， although the increase was large， but the absolute content of trans-fatty acids was still low. The content of trans-fatty acids in sesame oil increased significantly under the three temperatures， reaching 4.79% when heated at 260 ℃， and an increase of 369.61% compared with no heating. ConclusionTrans-fatty acid content in edible vegetable oils increases significantly in the cooking process， the higher the temperature and the longer the cooking time， the more significant the increase. It is recommended to avoid high temperature cooking and long time fried food.

Characterization of munguba oil obtained by ultrasound / Caracterização do óleo de munguba obtido por ultrassom

ABSTRACT: This study analyzed the use of the ultrasound-assisted method as an alternative to obtain munguba oil. The extraction provided a 47.70 % yield of an oil with appropriate quality, evaluated by assessing the %FFA as oleic acid, iodine, peroxide, and saponification values, in addition to the refractive index and density. The oil presented thermal stability up to 300 °C, was constituted mainly by palmitic acid (C16:0), and presented a total phenolic content of 55.02 ± 1.872 µgEAG g-1. Results suggest that the ultrasound-assisted method has the potential to obtain vegetable oils without compromising their characteristics and quality, as well as optimize extraction time, solvent volume, and operational costs. Moreover, munguba oil presents itself as a suitable and sustainable alternative as an adjuvant in food products, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and biofuels.

RESUMO: O estudo analisou a aplicação do método de extração assistida por ultrassom como método alternativo para a obtenção do óleo de munguba. A extração do óleo resultou num rendimento de 47.70 % com qualidade adequada avaliada pela %AGL como índices de ácido oleico, iodo, refração, peróxido, saponificação e densidade. O óleo apresentou estabilidade térmica até 300 °C sendo constituído majoritariamente do ácido palmítico (C16:0) e expressou um teor de fenóis totais de 55.02 ± 1.872 µg/EAGg-1. Os resultados sugerem que o método de extração assistida por ultrassom apresenta potencial para obtenção de óleos vegetais sem alterar suas características e qualidade, além de possibilitar a otimização do tempo, volume de solvente e custo operacional. Ainda, o óleo de munguba mostra-se como alternativa sustentável na aplicação como adjuvante em alimentos, medicamentos, cosméticos e biocombustíveis.

An efficient method of Yarrowia lipolytica immobilization using oil- and emulsion-modified bacterial cellulose carriers

Background: Yarrowia lipolytica is a nonconventional, dimorphic yeast with multiple biotechnological applications. Considering the size of Y. lipolytica cells and a plethora of its morphological forms (spherical cells or hyphae and pseudohyphae), it is highly difficult to select a suitable carrier for this useful microorganism. Bacterial cellulose (BC) is currently considered one of the most promising immobilization carriers. In the current study, the usefulness of oil- and emulsion-modified BCs as a carrier for Y. lipolytica immobilization was investigated. Static and agitated cultures were conducted in media supplemented with oil or emulsion to improve carrier porosity. Results: It was found that the application of oil- and emulsion-modified BCs correlated with significantly higher efficiency of Y. lipolytica immobilization and hence higher yield than the yield achieved with an unmodified carrier. Increased efficiency of immobilization correlated with BC porosity-related parameters, which, in turn, depended on the size of oil droplets introduced into the culture medium. Moreover, changes in porosity-related parameters caused by the addition of oil or emulsion to the medium were observed when the cultures were conducted only under static conditions and not under agitated conditions. Conclusion: The application of oil- and emulsion-modified BCs as carriers significantly increased the efficiency of Y. lipolytica immobilization as compared to unmodified BC. The addition of oil or emulsion to the culture medium can be a simple but effective method to modify the porosity of BC-based carriers.

Fatty acid composition of vegetable oil blend and in vitro effects of pharmacotherapeutical skin care applications

Vegetable oils have been used for a plethora of health benefits by their incorporation in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products, especially those intended for skin care. This study aimed to investigate the cutaneous benefits of a vegetable oil blend (VOB) formulation and its fatty acid composition. The anti-inflammatory activity was studied in macrophages of RAW 264.7 cells by investigating the release of nitric oxide (NO), superoxide anion generation (O2-), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6). ABTS cation radical scavenging capacity assay, ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and NO free radical scavenging assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. VOB was tested for its ability to stimulate fibroblast proliferation and migration using the scratch assay, and antibacterial activity by the microdilution test. The fatty acid profile of a freshly prepared VOB formulation was determined by gas chromatography before and after accelerated stability testing. Chemical composition of VOB revealed the presence of oleic acid (C18:1n-9; 63.3%), linoleic acid (C18:2n-6; 4.7%), and linolenic acid (C18:3n-6; 5.1%) as major mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. No changes in the organoleptic characteristics and fatty acid composition were observed after the accelerated stability test. VOB 100 µg/mL reduced the healing time by increasing the total number of cells in the wounded area by 43.0±5.1% compared to the negative control group. VOB also suppressed the pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines, and NO and O2- production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage cells. In conclusion, the VOB formulation contributed to the improvement of current therapeutic strategies for cutaneous applications in skin care.

Stability and in vivo efficiency of natural cosmetic emulsion systems with the addition of vegetable oils

The aim of the paper is to test stability and biophysical properties of hydrophilic and lipophilic emulsions with selected vegetable seed oils: Limnanthes alba, Prunus amygdalus dulcis, Cannabis sativa, Rosa rubiginosa and Hellianthus annuus. Biophysical properties of emulsions are investigated in vivo using non-invasive instrumental methods (corneometry, tewametry and pH) in a group of 12 healthy women volunteers. Their stability profiles (colour, phase separation and centrifugation) under various temperatures (9, 25, 37 and 57 °C) and storage time (24 hours, 2, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days) were monitored. The moisturising activities of the emulsions supplemented with various oils were comparable. The lipophilic emulsions showed a better ability to improve the condition of the skin barrier due to formation of a surface lipid film. The tested formulations regulated the pH of the skin towards neutral values. Lipophilic emulsions showed earlier phase separation and changes in colour. The greatest resistance to thermal stress during storage was observed for the emulsion bases. Emulsions containing oils, except for those with rosehip and hempseed oils, were stable up to the temperature of 37 °C. The studied emulsion systems are excellent vehicles of vegetable oils and exhibit relatively good stability, benefiting the natural properties of skin.

Characterization of the Physicochemical Properties of Different Biodiesel Samples

ABSTRACT For combustion engines to perform well, it is necessary that the fuel used be of high quality. Fuel quality can be analyzed through different physicochemical properties. This study presents comparisons between the values presented in literature, legislation and those obtained through experimental tests of different biodiesel samples. Biodiesel is a promising alternative of renewable energy obtained from raw material. The properties observed in this study are: Viscosity, density, cloud point, pour point and calorific value. The data explored by this work aims to bring solidification to the methodologies and equipment necessary for a better characterization of biodiesel.

Macauba ( Acrocomia aculeata ) pulp oil quality is negatively affected by drying fruits at 60 ºC

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine if the quality of macauba pulp oil is affected by drying the whole fruits at 60 ºC. Mature fruits were collected at every five days on the ground under 10 palm trees. A mixed batch of 3 kg of whole fruits, with three replications each, was dried in an oven with air circulation for 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h at 60 ºC. After every drying time, dried fruits were pulped using an automated device, followed by oil extraction with hexane. Moisture and oil content were determined in the pulp, and the pulp oil quality was analyzed for fatty acid composition, free fatty acids content, peroxide value, molar absorptivity at 232 and 270 nm, refractive index, and total carotene content. The tested temperature was sufficient to decrease moisture to a range suitable for automated pulping, with the best combination and easier pulping being reached after 24 h of drying. In the first 12 h there was an apparent synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and carotenes. The tested temperature was insufficient to avoid the enhancement of acidity since the beginning and throughout the drying period, nor the degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus, it is concluded that drying of fresh fruits of macauba palm at 60 ºC is not appropriate to obtain an overall good quality pulp oil for industrial purposes.

Determination of Phosphorus and Silicon in Edible Vegetable Oil by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Tandem Mass Spectrometry / 分析化学

An analytical method was developed for determination of P and Si in edible vegetable oil using inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS).The microwave-assisted acid digestion of vegetable oil using HNO3 + H2O2 was carried out in closed vessels.The mass spectral interferences were eliminated by O2 mass shift when promoting reaction with O2 inside the collision reaction cell (CRC), and the monitoring of P as 31P16O+ product ion significantly improved the accuracy of the analysis.H2 was added into the CRC for H2 on-mass reaction.The interferences were eliminated by the quadrupole analyzer to accurately identify 28Si+.The effects of the flow rate of O2 and H2 in ORS3 on the signal intensities and BECs of 31P16O+ and 28Si+ were investigated.The optimum O2 and H2 flow rate was determined.Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection were 0.043 and 0.66 μg/L for 31P16O+ and 28Si+, respectively.The accuracy of the analytical method was assessed by the analysis of the standard reference materials lubricant oil (SRM 1848) from the National Institute of Standard and Technology.No significant differences were observed between the certified values and measured values.This method was used to analyze 5 kinds of edible vegetable oils (rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, corn oil and soybean oil) from different regions of China, and it was found that the content of P was the highest in peanut oil, and Si showed the highest content in soybean oil.

Exposure risk assessment of aflatoxin B1 in edible vegetable oil by using the margin of exposure in Guangxi / 中国食品卫生杂志

Objective This report aims to assess the exposure risk of aflatoxin B1 in edible vegetable oil in Guangxi.Methods By using margin of exposure (MOE),the report analyzes the dietary exposure of aflatoxin B1 in edible vegetable oil with the data from contamination survey and dietary intake survey.Results For the vegetable oil sample,the content of aflatoxin B1 was between 0.50-320.00 μg/kg.The detection rate of peanut oil was 78.08％ (114/146) which was higher than other vegetable oil,and the exceeding rate was 31.51％ (46/146).For peanut oil,the average content was 30.80 μg/kg,the dietary exposure of the population was 17.30 ng/kg BW,and the MOE was 18.For the prepackaged peanut oil samples,the average content of aflatoxin B1 was 6.33 μg/kg,which was below the limit.While for the bulk peanut oil,the average content of AFB1 was 41.50 μg/kg,which was more than 1.08 times of the limit,and the dietary exposure was 25.59 ng/kg BW.The MOE of bulk peanut oil was 12,1/8 of the prepackaged peanut oil.Conclusion Food safety regulators should pay more attention to bulk peanut oil products,the priority in the risk management measures.At the same time,related department should also promote healthy education for the residents.

Advances in platform compounds and polymers from vegetable oils / 生物工程学报

Vegetable oil is one of the most potential alternatives of petroleum and has become a hot issue in recent years. This review focuses on the influence of vegetable oil structure on platform compounds and polymers properties, and further systematically introduces their developments and the latest progress. Meanwhile, we also summarized the main confronting problems and the future development directions in the research of oil-based platform compounds and polymers. The review provides useful information for readers to fully understand biochemical engineering of vegetable oils and their prospects.

Low-pressure solvent extraction of oil from macauba (Acrocomia aculeata) pulp: characterization of oil and defatted meal / Extração por solvente a baixa pressão do óleo da polpa de macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata): caracterização de óleo e farelo desengordurado

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to extract the oil from macauba pulp using a low-pressure solvent extraction, as well as characterisation of the extracts and defatted meal obtained using different solvents (n-hexane, ethyl acetate and isopropanol). Results reported higher yields in oil, 27.43%, using isopropanol (P<0.05), wherein the highest levels of β-carotene in the extract, 348.30mg 100g-1, were obtained with this solvent. In the composition of the extracts, monounsaturated fatty acids were predominantly found, and it was reported that the type of solvent had no significant influence (P>0.05) on the composition; however, in the quantification of free glycerol compounds, isopropanol showed higher levels, 104.15mg 100g-1, of these compounds (P<0.05). Meals had higher ash, protein and fibre content when compared to pulp. Thus, oil removal can be stated to promote water retention capacity; however, it has no influence on the other technological characteristics evaluated.

RESUMO: O presente trabalho objetivou a extração do óleo da polpa de macaúba utilizando extração por solvente a baixa pressão, bem como a caracterização dos extratos e farelos obtidos, utilizando diferentes solventes (n-hexano, acetato de etila e isopropanol). Os resultados reportam maiores rendimentos em óleo, 27,43%, na utilização do isopropanol (P<0,05), sendo que os maiores teores em β-caroteno no extrato, 348,30mg 100g-1, foram obtidos com este solvente. Na composição dos extratos, predominam os ácidos graxos monoinsaturados e relata-se que o tipo de solvente não apresentou influência significativa (P>0,05) na composição, no entanto, na quantificação dos compostos livres de glicerol, o isopropanol apresentou os maiores teores, 104,15mg 100g-1, desses compostos (P<0,05). Os farelos apresentaram maiores teores de cinzas, proteína e fibras, quando comparados à polpa. A remoção do óleo favorece a capacidade de retenção de água, no entanto, não tem influência nas demais características tecnológicas avaliadas.

Sistemas nanoestruturados contendo o óleo da polpa e da amêndoa da bocaiuva (Acrocomia aculeata) ( Jacq. ) Lodd. xx Mart. ): preparação e caracterização físico-química / Nanostructured systems containing the oil of the pulp and the almond of the bocaiuva (Acrocomia aculeata) ( Jacq. ) Lodd. Xx Mart. ): preparation and physical-chemical characterization

O fruto da bocaiúva pertence à família Palmae, espécie Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd.Ex Martius abundante e nativa no Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, São Paulo e Minas Gerais. O óleo da polpa da fruta constitui de alto teor de ácidos graxos insaturados, com uma predominância de ácido oleico, chegando a 60% de sua composição e o óleo da amêndoa da bocaiúva apresenta além do oleico, aproximadamente 40% o ácido láurico (13%) e ácido palmítico (12,6%). O óleo da polpa é rico em fenóis totais (2,69 g por 100g de amostra), carotenóides (55mg eq ß- caroteno/100g de amostra) e possui alta atividade ORAC (283,93 µmol/g de amostra). Foram obtidos quatro novos sistemas nanoestruturados que estão apresentados a seguir com seus respectivos valores de potencial zeta e diâmetro médio: 1) carreador lipídico nanoestruturado contendo o óleo da polpa (-22,4 mV e 192,55 nm); 2) carreador lipídico nanoestruturado contendo o óleo da amêndoa (-23,95 mV e 227,75 nm); 3) nanopartículas poliméricas contendo o óleo da polpa (-47,5 mV e 127,70 nm) e 4) nanopartícula polimérica contendo o óleo da amêndoa da bocaiúva (-44,74 mV e 131,3 nm). O sistema nanoestruturado contendo o óleo de polpa de bocaiuva e o sistema contendo triglicérides de ácido cáprico e caprílico apresentaram a primeira concentração não-citotóxica igual a 0,098% (p/v). O sistema lipídico nanoestruturado contendo óleo de polpa de bocaiúva e os filtros químicos octocrileno e avobenzona revelou citotoxicidade maior quando comparado aos sistemas ipídicos nanoestruturados, isentos de filtros, conforme esperado. Os sistemas carreadores lipídicos nanoestruturados contendo o óleo da amêndoa e o óleo da polpa da bocaiuva quando adicionados na formulação base (FPS 14), em concentração de 20% p/p, apresentou aumento respectivamente de 92,8% e 35,7 % no FPS. Tais resultados demonstraram interação sinérgica entre a formulação fotoprotetora e o sistema lipídico nanoestruturado contendo o óleo de amêndoa. Dessa maneira, esse sistema carreador lipídico nanoestruturado, aditivado com os filtros químicos constitui inovação com aplicação industrial. A obtenção dos sistemas nanoestruturados proposto no presente projeto permitirá o desenvolvimento de uma nova plataforma nanotecnológica farmacêutica e cosmética contendo os óleos vegetais do fruto da bocaiúva, de maior segurança, eficácia e de elevado valor agregado

Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Martius, known as bocaiuva is an oleaginous species of the family Arecaceae, a widely distributed palm in America. Pulp and almond oils were extracted by cold-pressed method. The oil from the pulp is rich in phenolics (2.69 g per 100 g of sample), carotenoids (beta-carotene 55 mg eq / 100g sample) and has high ORAC activity (283.93 umol/g of sample). Four new nanostructured systems were obtained which are shown below with their respective values zeta potential and average diameter: 1) nanostructured lipid carrier containing the pulp oil (-22.4 mV and 192.55 nm); 2) nanostructured lipid carrier containing the almond oil (-23.95 mV and 227,75nm); 3) polymeric nanoparticles containing the pulp oil (-47.5 mV and 127,70nm) and 4) polymeric nanoparticle containing the almond oil (-44.74 mV and 131.3 nm). The nanostructured system containing the bocaiuva pulp oil and the system containing oil and capric caprylic triglyceride presented the first non-cytotoxic concentration equal to 0.098% (w/v). The nanostructured lipid system containing bocaiuva pulp oil and chemical filters octocrylene and avobenzone showed a higher cytotoxicity when compared to the nanostructured lipid systems, free of filters. The nanostructured lipid carriers systems containing bocaiuva almond oil and pulp oil when added to the base formulation (SPF 14), in a concentration of 20% (w/w), increased respectively 92.8% and 35.7% the SPF. These results demonstrated a synergic interaction between the sunscreen formulation and nanostructured lipid system containing almond oil. Thus, the lipid carrier system nanostructured, spiked with the chemical filters is innovation with industrial application. The obtaining nanostructured systems proposed in the present design will allow the development of a new pharmaceutical nanotechnology platform and cosmetics containing oils from the fruit of bocaiuva, increased safety, efficiency and high added value. Thus, bocaiuva pulp and almond oils present interesting composition, consistent for the use in pharmaceutical and cosmetic topical products due to its moisturizing, emollient and anti-aging potential properties

Clinical study of somatostatin combined with raw vegetable oil in treatment of intestinal obstruction / 国际外科学杂志

Objective To evaluate the clinical effects and adverse reaction of somatostatin combined with raw vegetable oil in treatment of intestinal obstruction From Tongchuan City People's Hospital were conducted through clinical medication.Methods From August 2012 to August 2015,A total of 364 cases of intestinal obstruction were randomly divided into observation group (182 cases) and control group (182 cases).Two groups were treated with the non-surgical treatment based on basic therapy,including gastrointestinal decompression,correctional of water,electrolyte disturbance and acid-base imbalance to prevent infection and toxication by sedative and spasmolytic.The non-surgical treatment was invalid or worse,the surgical treatment wasselected.Additionally,on the basis of non-surgical treatment,somatostatin combined with raw vegetable oil was additional treatment for the observation group.The comparison of thecurative effect,surgical treatment rate,gastrointestinal decompression,hospital stays and adverse reaction of two groups was conducted.Results The curative effect of observation group (80.22％)was superior to control group(68.68％).Compared to control group,the cases of adverse reaction in observation group was insignificantly increased (x2 =8.58,P ＜ 0.05).Conversely,the observation group showed lower surgical treatment rate (29.67％ vs 40.11％,x2 =4.37,P ＜ 0.05),lower gastrointestinal decompression [(224 ± 171) ml/d vs (543 ± 186) ml/d,t =-21.28,P ＜0.05)],and less hospital stays [(6.14 ± 2.04) d vs (10.26 ± 3.12) d,t =-4.78,P ＜ 0.05)].Conclusions The basic therapy and somatostatin combined with raw vegetable oil showed high efficiency,and cases of adverse reaction was insignificantly increased.It was worthy of promotion and application.

Determination of Total Fatty Acid Esters of Chloropropanols in Edible Vegetable Oils by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / 分析化学

A method was established for the simultaneous determination of the total fatty acid esters of chloropropanols in edible oils by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with isotope dilution technology. The samples were hydrolyzed with sodium methylate-methanol, and then purified by diatomite cartridge. After being derivatized with heptafluorobutyrylimidazole ( HFBI ), the target analytes were determined by GC-MS with the deuteriumchloropropanols esters as the internal standards. An excellent linear correlation in the range of 0. 050-2. 000 mg / L was acquired for 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters, 2-MCPD esters, dichloropropan-2-ol (1,3-DCP) esters and 2,3-dichloropropan-1-ol (2,3-DCP) esters, with all the correlation coefficients (r) higher than 0. 9995. The limits of detection (LODs) for 3-MCPD esters, 2-MCPD esters, 1,3-DCP esters and 2,3-DCP esters were 0. 015, 0. 015, 0. 030, and 0. 030 mg / kg, respectively, and the limits of quantitation (LOQ) were 0. 050, 0. 050, 0. 100, and 0. 100 mg / kg, respectively. The average spike recoveries of the four kinds of chloropropanols esters in blank extra virgin olive oil matrix were typically in a range of 87. 0% -110. 5% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 10. 1% . The detection rates of 3-MCPD esters, 2-MCPD esters, 1,3-DCP esters and 2,3-DCP esters in 74 edible oil samples were 94. 6% , 63. 5% , 5. 4% , and 0% , respectively. The contamination levels of 3-MCPD esters, 2-MCPD esters and 1,3-DCP esters were in the range of not detected (ND) to 10. 646 mg / kg, ND to 3. 617 mg / kg and ND to 0. 089 mg / kg, respectively. This method is accurate and rugged for the simultaneous determination of total fatty acid esters of chloropropanols in edible vegetable oils.

The growth inhibitory effect of some vegetable oils on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth inhibitory effects of some vegetable oils on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Lactobacillus casei (L. casei). METHODS: Two bacterial strains and 5 kinds of test solutions (3 experimental groups: orange essential oil, olive oil, soybean oil; 1 positive control group: chlorhexidine solution; 1 negative control group: broth medium) were used in this study. S. mutans and L. casei pellets were exposed to 1 ml of one of the test solutions for 1 minute. Then, the treated bacterial cells were incubated in fresh broth medium for 0, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours. The optical density of the broth medium was measured using an ELISA reader at 620 nm. A nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test (with Mann-Whitney U tests) was performed to compare the change in optical density between different groups at different time points. RESULTS: Bacterial growth was significantly inhibited in all experimental groups compared to the negative control group. The growth of L. casei was less affected by experimental oils than that of S. mutans. Orange essential oil had the maximum growth inhibitory effect on S. mutans up to 8 hours, similar to that in the positive control group (P<0.01). Experimental oils had greater growth inhibitory effect on L. casei than chlorhexidine solution. CONCLUSIONS: This in vitro study confirmed the growth inhibitory effect of some vegetable oils on S. mutans and L. casei. Rising of the mouth using these vegetable oils is expected to have an anti-plaque effect, but additional clinical studies are needed to confirm this.

Identification of terpenes and phytosterols in Dipteryx alata (baru) oil seeds obtained through pressing

ABSTRACTThe oil from seeds of Dipteryx alata Vogel, Fabaceae, popularly known as baru, was extracted by hydraulic and continuous screw pressing. A total of eleven chemical constituents obtained by hydraulic pressing, including steroids, mono and sesquiterpenes and tocopherol derivatives were identified by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Compounds limonene, β-elemene, γ-elemene, α-caryophyllene, β-caryophyllene, campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and cycloartenol are being described for the first time in the baru oil.

Correlations and path analysis on oil content of castor genotypes / Correlações e análise de trilha sobre o teor de óleo de genótipos de mamona

With the aim of to evaluate the correlation and the direct and indirect effects of morphological descriptors on oil content of castor (Ricinus communis L.) genotypes, an experiment was conducted in the agricultural years 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 at Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul ­ Unit of Aquidauana (UEMS/UUA). The experimental design used was randomized blocks with three replications. The treatments consisted of seven castor genotypes (BRS Energia, IAC-2028, IAC-Guarani, BRS Nordestina, BRS Paraguaçu, IAC-80 and IAC-226). The following descriptors were evaluated: plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), number of bunches (NB), number of fruits (NF), mass of fruits (MF), mass of hundred seeds (MHS) and oil content (OC). Initially, it was determined the following genetic parameters: genotypic variance, environmental variance, coefficient of experimental variation, coefficient of genotypic variation, heritability, environmental correlations, phenotypic correlations and genetic correlations. The phenotypic correlations were deployed by path analysis in estimates of direct and indirect effects, and preceded the diagnosis of multicollinearity in explanatory variables and independent explanatory variables on the OC (primary dependent variable). The results indicated that the direct and indirect selection of genotypes with plant height, stem diameter, number of bunches and mass of hundred seeds is promising to select genotypes with high oil content in castor.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a correlação e os efeitos diretos e indiretos de caracteres morfológicos sobre o teor de óleo de genótipos de mamona (Ricinus communis L.), um experimento foi conduzido nos anos agrícolas 2010/2011 e 2011/2012 na Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Unidade Universitária de Aquidauana (UEMS/UUA). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de sete genótipos de mamona (BRS Energia, IAC-2028, IAC-Guarani, BRS Nordestina, BRS Paraguaçu, IAC-80 e IAC-226). Foram avaliados os descritores: altura da planta (PH), diâmetro do colmo (SD), número de cachos (NB), número de frutos (NF), massa de frutos (MF), massa de cem sementes (MHS) and teor de óleo (OC). Inicialmente foram determinados os seguintes parâmetros genéticos: variância genotípica, variância ambiental, coeficiente de variância experimental, coeficiente de variação genotípica, herdabilidade, correlações ambientais, correlações fenotípicas e correlações genotípicas. As correlações fenotípicas foram desdobradas pela análise de trilha em estimativas de efeitos diretos e indiretos, e procedeu-se ao diagnóstico da multicolinearidade das variáveis independentes explicativas sobre o OC (variável dependente principal). Os resultados indicam que a seleção direta e indireta de genótipos com altura da planta, diâmetro do colmo, número de cachos e massa de cem sementes são promissoras para se selecionar genótipos com maior teor de óleo em mamona.

Production of vegetable oil blends and structured lipids and their effect on wound healing / Produção de misturas de óleos vegetais e lípidos estruturados e o seu efeito na cicatrização de feridas

Two oil blends (sunflower/canola oils 85/15 (BL1) and canola/linseed oils 70/30 (BL2)), were prepared and enzymatically interesterified to be applied to surgically-induced wounds in rats. Following surgery, the animals were submitted to the Treatment with Physiological Saline (TPS) (control group), Blends (TBL), and Structured Lipids (TSL). The control group (TPS) received physiological saline solution for 15 days. In TBL, BL1 was administered during the inflammation phase (days 0-3) and BL2 in the tissue formation and remodeling phase (days 4-15). In TSL, Structured Lipid 1 (SL1) and Structured Lipid 2 (SL2) were used instead of BL1 and BL2, respectively. The aim of this study was to compare wound closure evolution among rats treated with the blends or structured lipids versus control rats treated with physiological saline. The wound healing process was evaluated by measuring the wound areas along the treatments and the concentrations of cytokines. An increase in the areas of wounds treated with the blends and structured lipids in the inflammatory phase was observed, followed by a steeper closure curve compared to wounds treated with physiological saline. The changes observed during the inflammatory phase suggest a potential therapeutic application in cutaneous wound healing which should be further investigated...

Duas misturas de óleos vegetais (girassol/canola 85/15 (BL1) e canola/linhaça, 70/30 (BL2) foram preparadas e interesterificadas por via enzimática para serem aplicadas em feridas induzidas cirurgicamente em ratos. Após a cirurgia, os animais foram submetidos ao tratamento com soro fisiológico (TPS) (grupo controle), tratamento com as misturas (TBL) e tratamento com os lipídios estruturados (TSL). O grupo controle (TPS) recebeu soro fisiológico por 15 dias. Em TBL, BL1 foi administrada durante a fase de inflamação (dias 0-3) e BL2 na fase de formação de tecido e remodelação (dias 4-15). Em TSL, os lipídios estruturados SL1 e SL2 foram usados em vez de BL1 e BL2, respectivamente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a evolução do fechamento das feridas dos grupos de ratos tratados com as misturas ou lipídios estruturados em comparação com os ratos do grupo controle, tratados com soro fisiológico. O processo de cicatrização das feridas foi avaliado através da medição das áreas das feridas ao longo dos tratamentos e pela determinação das concentrações de citocinas. Observou-se aumento das áreas das feridas tratadas com as misturas e os lipídios estruturados na fase inflamatória, seguida por um fechamento acentuado de feridas comparado com o tratamento com solução salina. As mudanças observadas durante a fase inflamatória sugerem uma potencial aplicação terapêutica na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas, fazendo-se necessárias investigações posteriores...

Efeito do óleo de semente de uva prensado a frio nos marcadores bioquímicos e perfil inflamatório de ratos / Effect of cold pressed grape seed oil on rats' biochemical markers and inflammatory profile

Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do consumo crônico do óleo de semente de uva, obtido do mercado brasileiro, nos marcadores bioquímicos e inflamatórios de ratos saudáveis. Métodos: Ratos Wistar, recém-desmamados e saudáveis, receberam por 65 dias óleo de semente de uva e soja em duas concentrações (3 e 6 mL/kg de peso corporal). Os parâmetros avaliados foram a ingestão alimentar, peso corporal e dos tecidos hepático, cerebral e adiposo retroperitonial; neste último, foi ainda realizado o perfil de ácidos graxos. A análise dos parâmetros bioquímicos, peroxidação lipídica e perfil inflamatório através da quantificação das citocinas TNF-α, IL-10 e IL-6 foi realizada no soro. Resultados: O óleo de semente de uva, independentemente da dose administrada, promoveu maior acúmulo de gordura no tecido hepático e aumento nos níveis de peroxidação lipídica do soro. Verificou-se que, quando consumido na maior dose, houve maior incorporação do ácido graxo linoleico no tecido adiposo retroperitonial. Modificações nos parâmetros bioquímicos e inflamatórios séricos não foram observadas. Conclusão: O consumo de óleo de semente de uva não provocou alterações metabólicas significantes em nenhuma das doses administradas ainda que se tenha observado uma elevação nos níveis de peroxidação lipídica sérica. .

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of long term consumption of cold-pressed grape seed oil purchased in Brazil on the biochemical and inflammatory biomarkers of healthy rats. Methods: Weaned and healthy Wistar rats received two concentrations (3 and 6 mL/kg body weight) of grape seed and soy oil for 65 days. The parameters studied were food intake and body, liver, brain, and retroperitoneal adipose tissue weight. The fatty acid composition of the adipose tissue was also determined. Serum biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory profile were assessed, quantifying the cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 10 and IL-6. Results: Grape seed oil, regardless of dosage, promoted much fat accumulation on hepatic tissue and also increased serum lipid peroxidation. The highest dosage promoted the greatest incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the retroperitoneal adipose tissue. The biochemical parameters and serum inflammatory markers did not change. Conclusion: Grape seed oil did not promote significant metabolic changes at either concentration but increased serum lipid peroxidation. .

Adição de óleos de copaíba (Copaifera langisdorffii) e sucupira (Pterodon emarginatus) na alimentação de poedeiras: estabilidade lipídica de gema de ovos armazenados em diferentes temperaturas / Effect of dietary supplementation with oils of copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii) and sucupira (Pterodon emarginatus): lipid oxidation of egg yolks stored in different temperatures

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant effect of dietary supplementation of plant oil resins in laying hens on the oxidative stability of cooked egg yolk kept at 4ºC for 30 days, and fresh eggs stored under refrigeration (R) at the same temperature for 60 days or kept in room temperature (RT) for 30 days. Hens were fed corn- and soybean-based diets (15% CP and 2,900 kcal kg-1) and supplemented with two levels of Copaifera langsdorffii oil resin (CP-0.03; 0.06 and 0.09%) or Pterodon emarginatus oil resin (SC-0.03 and 0.06%), plus a negative control (CN). At 37 weeks of age, 667 eggs were collected and randomly distributed in different storage conditions, in natura or cooked. The progression of lipid oxidation of egg yolk in natura was quantified in quadruplicate and cooked egg yolks in duplicate, using pool of 3 egg yolks/treatment to analyze TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) concentration in quadruplicate. Data analysis was performed using a mixed model and Tukey test, at a 5% significance level. The storage period was considered a longitudinal factor, which varied from five times, for R cooked yolk and TA fresh yolk (0-30 days), to nine times, for R fresh yolk (0-60 days). For fresh eggs stored at RT or R, the supplementation of plant oils did not protect egg yolks from lipid oxidation, compared to NC. However, for cooked egg yolks, the addition of 0.03 and 0.06% of CP oil resin showed antioxidant activity since it reduced lipid oxidation up to day 21 of storage, but had a prooxidant effect for 0.09%. Therefore, it can be concluded that the supplementation of copaíba oil resin had an antioxidant protection of cooked egg lipids...

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antioxidante da adição de óleos de copaíba (CP) e sucupira (SC) na alimentação de poedeiras sobre a oxidação lipídica de ovos in natura armazenados em temperatura ambiente (TA) por 30 dias e sob refrigeração (R) a 4ºC por 60 dias, e de gemas cozidas mantidas sob R por 30 dias. As poedeiras foram alimentadas com ração isoproteica (15% PB) e isoenergética (2900 kcal kg-1) à base de milho e farelo de soja, com inclusão de óleo de Copaifera langsdorffii (CP) nas proporções de 0,03; 0,06 e 0,09% ou de Pterodon emarginatus (SC) nas proporções de 0,03 e 0,06%, mais um controle negativo (CN). Foram coletados 667 ovos às 37 semanas de idade e distribuídos aleatoriamente nas diferentes condições de armazenamento (TA ou R). A oxidação dos lipídios de ovos in natura foi quantificada em quadruplicata e das gemas cozidas em duplicata, utilizando-se pool de 3 gemas/tratamento para as análises de TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). Os dados foram avaliados adotando um modelo misto e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey em 5% de nível de significância e o período de armazenamento foi considerado como um fator longitudinal, variando de cinco tempos no experimento com gemas cozidas, e nos ovos in natura sob R e em TA (0 a 30 dias), até nove tempos sob R (0 a 60 dias). Foi observado que a adição de óleo de CP e SC não reduziu os valores de TBARS em ovos in natura armazenados em TA e sob R em relação ao CN. No armazenamento de gemas cozidas, a inclusão CP (0,03 e 0,06%) protegeu os lipídios até os 21 dias, mas apresentou efeito pró-oxidante quando suplementado a 0,09%. Concluiu-se que a inclusão de até 0,06% de óleorresina de CP nas rações de poedeiras pode proteger os lipídios da gema cozida contra a oxidação durante o armazenamento refrigerado por até 21 dias...